Mersey Leven Catholic Parish
Assistant Priest: Fr Alexander Obiorah Mob: 0447 478 297; alexchuksobi@yahoo.co.uk
Postal Address: Parish Office:
(Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday 10am - 3pm)
Secretary: Annie Davies / Anne Fisher
Pastoral Council Chair: Jenny Garnsey
Pastoral Council Chair: Jenny Garnsey
Parish Mass Times: mlcpmasstimes.blogspot.com.au
Weekly Homily Podcast: mikedelaney.podomatic.com
Parish Magazine: mlcathparishnewsletter.blogspot.com.au
Year of Mercy Blogspot: mlcpyom.blogspot.com.au
Our Parish Sacramental Life
Baptism: Parents are asked to contact the Parish Office to make arrangements for attending a Baptismal Preparation Session and booking a Baptism date.
Reconciliation, Confirmation and Eucharist: Are received following a Family–centred, Parish-based, School-supported Preparation Program.
Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults: prepares adults for reception into the Catholic community.
Marriage: arrangements are made by contacting one of our priests - couples attend a Pre-marriage Program
Anointing of the Sick: please contact one of our priests
Reconciliation: Ulverstone - Fridays (10am - 10:30am)
Devonport - Saturday (5:15pm– 5.45pm)
Penguin - Saturday (5:15pm - 5:45pm)
Care and Concern: If you are aware of anyone who is in need of assistance and has given permission to be contacted by Care and Concern, please phone the Parish Office.
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Weekday Masses 15th – 19th August, 2016
Monday: 9.30am Ulverstone … Feast of the
12noon Devonport … Assumption
Tuesday: 9:30am Penguin
Wednesday: 9:30am Latrobe
Thursday: 10:00am
Karingal ** Note Time
Friday: 11:00am
Mt St Vincent
Mass Times Next Weekend 20th & 21st August,
2016
Saturday Vigil: 6:00pm Penguin
6:00pm Devonport (L.W.C)
Sunday Mass: 8:30am Port Sorell
9:00am Ulverstone
(L.W.C)
10:30am
Devonport
11:00am
Sheffield (L.W.C)
5:00pm Latrobe
Every
Friday 10am - 12noon, concluding with Stations of the Cross and Angelus
Devonport: Benediction with Adoration - first Friday of
each month.
Legion of Mary: Sacred Heart Church Community Room,
Ulverstone, Wednesdays, 11am
Christian Meditation:
Devonport, Emmaus House - Wednesdays 7pm.
Prayer Group:
Charismatic Renewal
Devonport, Emmaus House - Thursdays 7.00pm
Meetings, with Adoration and Benediction are held each
Second Thursday of the Month in OLOL Church, commencing at 7.00 pm
Ministry Rosters 20th
& 21th August 2016
Devonport:
10:30am A Hughes, T Barrientos, P Picollo
Ministers of Communion:
Vigil T Muir, M
Davies, M Gerrand, S Innes, D Peters, J Heatley
10.30am: B&N Mulcahy, L Hollister, K Hull,
Cleaners 19th August: K.S.C. 26th August: B Bailey, A Harrison, M Greenhill
Piety Shop 20th August: R McBain 21st August: P Piccolo
Flowers: M Breen,
Ulverstone:
Reader: R Locket Ministers of
Communion:
M Mott, M
Fennell, L Hay, T Leary
Cleaners: G & M
Seen, G Roberts Flowers: M Swain
Hospitality: M Byrne, G Doyle
Hospitality: M Byrne, G Doyle
Penguin:
Greeters: Fifita Family Commentator: Y Downes Readers: E Nickols, A Landers
Procession: Ministers of Communion: T Clayton, M Hiscutt
Liturgy: Sulphur Creek J Setting Up: T Clayton Care of Church: M Bowles, M Owen
Port Sorell:
Readers: G Duff, T Jeffries Ministers of
Communion: L Post Clean/Flow/Prepare: G Bellchambers, M Gillard
Readings This Week: 20th Sunday in Ordinary Time – Year C
First Reading: Jeremiah 38:4-6,8-10 Second Reading: Hebrews 12: 1-4
Gospel: Luke 12:49-53
REFLECTION by
Dianne Bergant CSS
As disciples we commit ourselves to values and principles
that are not always cherished by others. We can be misunderstood for our
beliefs, even ridiculed. Our lives may be a reproach to those who do not share
our aspirations. There may be times when we must stand in opposition to others.
All of this tends to alienate us. It could even place us at enmity with those
whom we love. Yet, if we are genuinely committed, we realise that there is also
a price to pay if we are not faithful. It is very difficult to live with
ourselves when we disregard our deepest convictions and ignore the promptings
of God that we experience within ourselves. As difficult as a life of faith may
be, we know that it is the only way to live in this world.
Faced with the cost of discipleship we are brought to the
realisation that, by ourselves, we do not have the necessary resources. We need
assistance. Like Jeremiah, we might find that this aid will come from places we
may have never expected. The real support and assistance that we get is from
Jesus who came to set the world and our hearts on fire. Paul assures us that
there is a vast throng cheering us on as we run the race of discipleship. They
are not merely spectators; they have already run or are still running their own
race. We are not alone in our commitment, in our struggle. There are many
witnesses, many examples for us to follow.
Readings Next Week: 21th Sunday in
Ordinary Time – Year C
First Reading: Isaiah 66:18-21 Second Reading: Hebrews 12:5-7,
11-13
Gospel: Luke 13:22-30
Your prayers are asked for the sick:
Little Archer, Graeme Wilson, Reg
Hinkley, Taya Ketelaar-Jones, Haydee Diaz & ...
Let us pray for those who have died recently:
Kevin Wells, Jean Bowden, Barry
Stuart, John Thomas, Bebing Veracruz.
Let us pray for those whose anniversary occurs about this time: 10th
– 16th August
Kenneth Bowles, Stephen French,
Mark Gatt, Athol Wright, Kenneth Rowe, David Covington, Patrick Tunchun,
Anthony Hyde, Tom Hyland, Trevor Hudson, Rita & Cyril Speers, Darlene
Haigh. Also Richard Carter, Jenny Wright, & Catherine McLennan.
May they Rest in Peace
WEEKLY
RAMBLINGS:
This weekend we
welcome Archbishop Julian who comes to confer the Sacrament of Confirmation on
14 young members of our Parish Community. We congratulate these children and
their families as they take this next step in their faith journey – Lucy
Aherne, Emmy Barber, Maddison Cleaver, Brady Heath, Brady Jager, Cody Jager,
Renee Kelly, Oscar McGrath, Harry Marshall, Ava Radford, Paige Smith, Lochie
Veitch, Jasmine Walker and Kimberly Watkins.
We also welcome Ben
Brooks, the seminarian mentioned in a recent edition of the Catholic Standard,
who has been studying at the Beda College in Rome – Ben has been spending time
during his ‘Summer’ holiday break at the Riverside Parish before returning to
continue his studies in October.
More info re the
Alpha Afternoon. At this stage there is no guarantee that we will be running an
Alpha Program in the Parish (although I hope we do!). The gathering with
Lorraine McCarthy on Sunday, 21st (next Sunday at Sacred Heart Church from 1.00pm – 4.00pm) is simply to learn more about what a Parish needs
to have in place, needs to do to run an Alpha Program. After the gathering a
decision will be made according to our abilities and capacity as to when or if
we proceed.
The first set of
Divine Renovation Books arrived and are going to be used by the Parish Pastoral
Council as a Reflection process for our next few meetings. More copies have
been ordered and will arrive shortly – parishioners who have said that they are
interested in joining a group will be notified when they arrive.
Pascal
Okpon will be ordained a Deacon here at Our lady of Lourdes on Saturday the 24th
September at 11:30am. Please make a note in your diaries to keep this date
free. We will need beds for seminarians on
the Friday and Saturday evenings, unsure as to how many on which nights but 34
in total. We will be asking people for assistance ie, beds in the next couple
of weeks. Also will be looking for assistance with food for the luncheon
following the ceremony. More details next week.
MACKILLOP HILL
Spirituality
in the Coffee Shoppe.
Monday 22nd August 2016 10.30 – 12 noon
Don’t miss some
energetic discussion over morning tea!
123 William Street,
FORTH. Phone: 6428 3095
No bookings necessary
MACKILLOP HILL
LIBRARY: Make sure you pick up the monthly library
handout from your church foyer or email rsjforth@bigpond.net.au for a copy.
Library opening hours 9 – 5 Mon to
Fri.
If you are interested in being a Reader, Minister of
Communion or able to help with Church Cleaning, Flowers or Hospitality please phone the Parish Office on 6423:2783 or
contact Barbara O’Rourke.
KNIGHTS OF THE SOUTHERN CROSS:
The Mersey Leven Branch of the Knights of the Southern
Cross have received a request from the International Alliance of Catholic
Knights to join in praying the rosary for Peace, Reconciliation and Harmony in
our world during the 9 days from Saturday 6th August till the Feast
of the Assumption of our Blessed Mother on 15th August, 2016.
At Fatima Our Lady asked us to recite the Rosary every day to obtain peace in the world and end war. We have also been asked to invite our local parishes and their communities to join in this either as a group or as an individual over the coming 9 days.
Round
19 Richmond won by 15 Points Winners: Mary Webb, Helen Jaffray & Carmen
Clarke
BINGO
Thursday Nights - OLOL Hall,
Devonport. Eyes down 7.30pm!
Callers for Thursday 18th
August – John Halley & John Luxton
NEWS FROM ACROSS THE ARCHDIOCESE:
Archdiocesan Website: www.hobart.catholic.org.au for
news, information and details of other Parishes.
Natural Fertility
Awareness Week 15th -21st August 2016
Did you
know a woman’s health is often reflected in her fertility? Learning The
Billings Ovulation Method® can alert a woman to underlying health problems. If
you would like to be able to manage your fertility naturally and to monitor
your reproductive health accredited Billing Teachers are available to assist
you throughout Australia. For further
information ring Billings LIFE on 1800 335 860 or visit www.billings.life
ST
VIRGILS OLD SCHOLARS LUNCHEON: will be held at Pedro's Restaurant near the Wharf at
Ulverstone on Saturday 3rd September starting at 12:30pm for a 1:00 pm
sit down. People wishing to attend can ring Terry Leary 0487 771 153, Peter
Imlach 0417 032 614 or Mark Waddington at St Virgils College Austins Ferry
6249:4569.
JOURNALING PRAYER RETREAT – FR RAY SANCHEZ: will be running a two day live in
retreat at Maryknoll House of Prayer on October 15th and 16th 2016. This is the most precious gift you can give
yourself. Journaling prayer is a process and resource to help you reach a
psychologically and spiritually healthy you. If you wish to enquire about
attending please phone Anne on 0407704539 or email: journallingretreat@iinet.net.au
FEAR
Unless you are already a full saint or a mystic, you will always live in some fear of death and the afterlife. That’s simply part of being human. But we can, and must, move beyond our fear of God.
As a child, I lived with a lot of fear. I had a very active imagination and too-frequently imagined murderers under my bed, poisonous snakes slithering up my leg, deadly germs in my food, playground bullies looking for a victim, a hundred ways in which I could meet an accidental death, and threats of every kind lurking in the dark. As a child, I was often afraid: afraid of the dark, afraid of death, afraid of the afterlife, and afraid of God.
As I matured, so too did my imagination; it no longer pictured snakes hiding everywhere or murderers under my bed. I began to feel strong, in control, imagining the unknown, with its dark corners, more as opportunity for growth than as threat to life. But it was one thing to block out fear of snakes, murderers, and the dark. Not so easily did I overcome my fear of death, fear of the afterlife, and fear of God. These fears are the last demons to be exorcised, and that exorcism is never final, never completely done with. Jesus, himself, trembled in fear before death, before the unknown that faces us in death. But he didn’t tremble in fear before God, the opposite in fact. As he faced death and the unknown, he was able give himself over to God, in childlike trust, like a child clinging to a loving parent, and that gave him the strength and courage to undergo an anonymous, lonely, and misunderstood death with dignity, grace, and forgiveness.
We need never be afraid of God. God can be trusted. But trust in God does include a healthy fear of God because one particular fear is part of the anatomy of love itself. Scripture says: The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom. But that fear, healthy fear, must be understood as a reverence, a loving awe, a love that fears disappointing. Healthy fear is love’s fear, a fear of betraying, of not being faithful to what love asks of us in return for its gratuity. We aren’t afraid of someone we trust, fearing that he or she will suddenly turn arbitrary, unfair, cruel, incomprehensible, vicious, unloving. Rather we are afraid about our own being worthy of the trust that’s given us, not least from God.
But we must trust that God understands our humanity: God doesn’t demand that we give him our conscious attention all of the time. God accepts the natural wanderings of our hearts. God accepts our tiredness and fatigue. God accepts our need for distraction and escape. God accepts that we usually find it easier to immerse ourselves in entertainment than to pray. And God even accepts our resistances to him and our need to assert, with pride, our own independence. Like a loving mother embracing a child that’s kicking and screaming but needs to be picked up and held, God can handle our anger, self-pity, and resistance. God understands our humanity, but we struggle to understand what it means to be human before God.
For many years, I feared that I was too immersed in the things of this world to consider myself a spiritual person, always fearing that God wanted more from me. I felt that I should be spending more time in prayer, but, too often, I’d end up too tired to pray, more interested in watching a sports event on television or more interested in sitting around with family, colleagues, or friends, talking about everything except spiritual things. For years, I feared that God wanted me to be more explicitly spiritual. He probably did! But, as I’ve aged, I’ve come to realize that being with God in prayer and being with God in heart is like being with a trusted friend. In an easeful friendship, friends don’t spend most of their time talking about their mutual friendship. Rather they talk about everything: local gossip, the weather, their work, their children, their headaches, their heartaches, their tiredness, what they saw on television the night before, their favorite sports teams, what’s happening in politics, and the jokes they’ve heard recently – though they occasionally lament that they should ideally be talking more about deeper things. Should they?
John of the Cross teaches that, in any longer-term friendship, eventually the important things begin to happen under the surface, and surface conversation becomes secondary. Togetherness, ease with each other, comfort, and the sense of being at home, is what we give each other then.
That’s also true for our relationship with God. God made us to be human and God wants us, with all of our wandering weaknesses, to be in his presence, with ease, with comfort, and with the feeling that we are at home. Our fear of God can be reverence or timidity; the former is healthy, the latter is neurotic.
Enneagram: Week 1
Knowing Ourselves
The
Enneagram is a dynamic system for self-knowledge and spiritual transformation.
It is a wonderful tool that can help us see and let go of the false self--which
masks the image of God within us--and allow us to live from our True Self--the
unique manifestation of Love that God intends us to be. It seems we are most
defended against that which we most deeply know to be true, our original
blessing. This ontological belovedness and okayness is hard to trust because
this true mirroring has invariably been distorted, denied, or even betrayed.
The Enneagram serves as a very helpful mirror to reveal our egoic habits that
keep our authentic self from thriving.
Although the
Enneagram is an ancient tool, with roots in the Desert Fathers and Mothers, it
was neglected for centuries. I first learned about the Enneagram from the
Jesuits who brought it to America during the early 1970s. The Jesuits
discovered this tool for their gift of spiritual direction. It is used in
"the reading of souls" to help people rediscover who they are in God.
When used in conjunction with a regular practice of contemplative prayer, the
Enneagram can be powerfully transformative. It can open us to deeper and deeper
levels of understanding and insight, love and grace. In the next two weeks of Daily
Meditations, I will barely scratch the surface of the Enneagram's potential to
help us live to our fullest God-given identity. [1] But you will see that it
very much continues our theme for this year, which is love.
The
Enneagram describes nine different personalities, each of which covers a broad
spectrum from "immature" to "mature," or
"compulsive" to "redeemed." It is more about recognizing
"energies" than it is about describing precise traits. People who
know the Enneagram in a superficial way think it's about putting people into
boxes, but its real goal is to let people out of their self-created boxes. It
makes us aware of our root sin, our passion, our particular trap or blindness
that prevents us from experiencing reality holistically and honestly. These
passions were called the seven "capital sins" by Pope Gregory the
Great in the sixth century, although predictably he missed the most common ones
in Western civilization, which are fear and deceit. You can't see as sin what
you have idealized as virtue.
Freedom from
our habitual trap comes through some in-depth experience of Love, be it a
sudden overflowing, hitting the bottom and being lifted up, or the gradual
opening through contemplative practice. At some point many people wake up and
begin to realize, however tenuously, their own True Self, a one-of-a-kind
reflection of God's love in the world. There's a part of us that has always
been in union with God. Gradually we learn more and more to trust our deepest
soul and draw our life from that Source. We learn how to live more consistently
from this true identity of original blessing, who we are in God and who we will
be through eternity. Then we know that any notion of heaven is not just later,
but has begun here and now.
References:
[1] Although
the best way to learn this oral tradition is by listening to a true teacher or
spiritual director--so you can pick up the "energy" of your type--I
hope this brief introduction will inspire you to go further with the Enneagram.
I highly recommend Don Richard Riso and Russ Hudson's book, The Wisdom of the
Enneagram. Additional resources, including a free personality test, are
available from The Enneagram Institute.
Loving the Whole Self
True love of
self entails a profound acceptance of ourselves-returning to Presence and
settling into ourselves as we actually are without attempting to change our
experience.
--Don
Richard Richard Riso and Russ Hudson [1]
I believe
the purpose of mature religion or spirituality is to cultivate in us the
ability to accept "the sacrament of the present moment" just as it
is, including the good and the bad, and to find God in it. Our human minds are
prone to dividing the field of the moment and to focusing on the parts rather
than the whole, thus missing what the eyes of the Spirit see. The Enneagram's
root sins or passions can be seen as nine different ways of "missing the
mark" (hamartia), nine ways of being disconnected from God's Presence--our
essence--here and now. By viewing our Enneagram compulsions as reminders to
return to presence, we can become aware of the Divine Presence in us and around
us and we can share that love with a hurting world.
In the
Enneagram tradition, "sin" is simply that which doesn't work, i.e.
self-defeating behavior. Our root capital sins can be understood as emergency
solutions that we developed in early childhood as a way of coping with our
environment. At the time, these coping mechanisms were necessary for survival.
But the older we grow, the more they get in the way of living freely as our True
Self. The nine Enneagram types correlate with the seven "deadly sins"
(pride, envy, anger, sloth, avarice, lack of moderation or
"gluttony," and lust) and two additional temptations, deceit and
fear. These last two are perhaps the most pervasive sins, because power builds
on them and uses them, and thus they are often the most hidden, as we see in
the present election cycle in the United States.
The
Enneagram refuses to eliminate the negative and is grounded in what Bill Wilson
called "a vital spiritual experience." We only have the courage to
face our deep illusions when we are entirely loved and accepted by God or by
somebody who acts as God toward us. So, with great irony, our faults are the
crack that lets grace in, exactly as the Gospel teaches. We must bring our root
sin to consciousness rather than deny or repress it. We can only heal our wound
with kindness and compassion, not judgment and condemnation. This is how Jesus
treated sinners, such as the woman caught in adultery (see John 8:1-11).
Teresa of
Ávila said that the sinner is actually one who does not love himself or herself
enough. We do not see or admire the whole self; so we split and try to love the
good self and reject the bad self. But Jesus told us to let the weeds and the
wheat grow together until the harvest, lest we destroy the wheat by trying to
pull up the weeds (see Matthew 13:24-30). The Enneagram allows us to see and
embrace our shadow, the part of us that most carries our shame. Only with some
degree of non-dual consciousness can we hold imperfection and beauty together
in what Merton called "a hidden wholeness."
It is no
surprise to me that the Enneagram is unpopular with many. It refuses to
disguise the pain, the difficult work, or the cost of enlightenment. By
exposing our own darkness, it soon compels us to address that same darkness in
culture, oppression, injustice, and human degradation. Sin "brings forth
death" (see James 1:15), or in other words, sin is its own punishment. Our
lack of moderation kills animals and forests; our aggressiveness and fear has
led to gigantic arsenals. The poor pay for the envy and greed of the
industrialized nations with their death.
We all have
a little of each personality type in us, allowing us greater understanding and
compassion for others. But for our own transformation, we must recognize that
we tend to have a primary set of blinders, a primary delusion, a capital sin.
There is a key dilemma, a habitual trap in each of us. We must notice how we
block ourselves by our preferred style of perception. Even though this way of
perceiving reality doesn't reflect the True Self, it seems to "work"
for us, giving us false energy and purpose.
This one
pitfall is so prevalent in our life that we don't recognize it, except perhaps
through a surprising "aha" experience. In an instant, our lifelong
false motivations and reactions become crystal clear. That's usually both a
very humiliating and wonderful experience. It's sobering to realize that even
the best things we've done were done for self-serving reasons. But it's
liberating to know that God knew this all along, loves us anyway, and actually
used our sins for God's purposes. As Paul puts it, "Precisely where sin
abounds, grace abounds even more" (see Romans 5:20).
Our deepest
sin and our greatest gift are two sides of the same coin. We spend the first
part of our life creating our self-image and our ego by building on what we do
well. That's a necessary stage. By our twenties, our personality type is
well-established because it works for us in some strange way. But in the middle
of our life we may begin to see the other side of the coin, the dark side of
our gift. When we are excessively fixated on our supposed gift it becomes a
sin. Maintaining this self-image, this false self, becomes more important than
anything else. This is where the Enneagram can help us to recognize this game
for what it is and to disarm ourselves--to abandon the defense of the false
self that we have created. We are letting go of what only seems good and
discovering what in us is really good. We are returning to the Divine Presence
in and around us. This leaving the garden and returning to the garden happens
many, many times in a healthy life. And each time is both a self-revelation and
a divine-revelation.
References:
[1] Don
Richard Riso and Russ Hudson, The Wisdom of the Enneagram (Bantam Books: 1999),
347.
Belly, Heart, and Head
For teaching
purposes, the nine Enneagram types are arranged clockwise in a circle. They are
clustered in three triads or groups of three: the belly center (sometimes
called the gut or instinctual center), the heart center, and the head center.
We need all three centers to be awake and integrated in order to do our inner
work and to truly love ourselves, others, and God in a holistic, non-dual
manner. Modern psychology confirms this truth.
Russ Hudson,
among others, teaches the Enneagram in a way that is readily accessible by all
three centers and touches us at a deep level. I'll share his perspective
frequently in these meditations. Hudson believes "there can be no real
shift of the heart or mind if we're not grounded in our body first." [1]
He says, "The belly center [types EIGHT, NINE, and ONE] is where we're
able to feel the immediacy of life and the realness of everything, right here
and right now. The heart center [types TWO, THREE, and FOUR] is the seat of
identity. It's where we know ourselves. It's where we're able to feel the sense
of meaning, value, and preciousness of our lives and of whomever we're with. .
. . [Types FIVE, SIX, and SEVEN belong to the head center.] The true nature of
Mind is complete silence, stillness, and spaciousness . . . peace, clarity. The
head center gives us the possibility of recognizing the eternal Presence that's
right here as phenomena."[2]
Hudson
explains that "when we lose Presence, we lose the connection with these
capacities. . . . We feel torn from the bosom of the Divine." This
suffering results in issues with anger for the belly types, shame for the heart
types, and fear for the head types. The result is that we're disassociated and
disconnected from our True Self. As Hudson says, this "fixated Enneagram
type is what shows up when you don't! It works pretty well--it just happens to
not be you, in your deepest sense." [3]
While we all
operate out of all three centers, the center that includes our personality type
(our Enneagram number) is our dominant center. If you are trying to find which
number you are, you may notice that you especially resonate with two numbers
that are right next to each other. One of them will be your core number and the
other will be one of your wings. The wings help balance your personality type.
It is important to develop both of your wings in order to "fly" and
break your entrapment in your core number.
Gut people
(types EIGHT, NINE, and ONE) are concerned with power and control. Their center
of gravity lies in the belly and they are intuitive and spontaneous. I'm a ONE,
so this is my center. We gut people react instinctively and have an immediate
like or dislike for everything. Our judgments are stored in our body. Reality
comes at us like one shock wave after another. We take it on like a full body
blow every three minutes. EIGHTs fight back, NINEs back off, and we ONEs try to
fix, reform, and control reality.
Types TWO,
THREE, and FOUR are in the heart center. They need affection and esteem. These
so-called feeling people don't have their own feelings; they have everybody
else's feelings! They experience themselves in reaction to the feelings or
behaviors of others. They unceasingly develop activities to secure the devotion
or attention of others. While heart people display their solicitude for others
in a sometimes exaggerated manner, they repress their aggressions and hide
behind the façade of kindness and activity. Outwardly they strike people as
self-confident, happy, and harmonious; inwardly they often feel empty,
incapable, sad, and ashamed.
Types FIVE,
SIX, and SEVEN make up the head center. Their main concerns are security and
survival. Their control tower is the mind. These types substitute thought for
authentic contact with reality, for which they would also need educated feeling
and deep, honest, holistic intuition. Their head energy tends to draw them away
from others. In every situation, they first take a step backward to reflect and
think things over before acting. They have a sense for order and duty. While
their fear and anxiety is exaggerated, they hide their feelings, especially the
tender ones, often behind a façade of objectivity and un-involvement. Outwardly
they often seem clear, convinced, and clever; inwardly they often feel
isolated, confused, and meaningless. As all contemplative teachers say, you
cannot be present to what is solely through your head; but head people think
they can, and that becomes a paralysis for them. Hudson adds, "The idea is
not to get out of your head; I'd say we need to get in our right mind. We need
the mind in the spiritual journey for discrimination and clarity and inner
guidance and wisdom." [4]
Indeed, we
need each part--body, heart, and mind--fully engaged to live as our most
authentic and loving selves.
References:
[1] Russ
Hudson, The Enneagram and Grace: 9 Journeys to Divine Presence (CAC: 2012),
disc 2 (CD, MP3 download).
[2] Russ
Hudson, The Enneagram as a Tool for Your Spiritual Journey (CAC: 2009), disc 2
(CD, DVD, MP3 download).
[3] Ibid,
disc 2.
[4] Ibid.,
disc 5.
Type ONE: The Need to Be Perfect
For the rest
of this week and the next, we will explore each of the nine individual
Enneagram types. We'll see how all of us begin life in union with God, as our
True Self, totally in Love. Each Enneagram type has a uniquely gifted way of
being connected with the Real. It reveals our original "soul space."
Our
Enneagram passions or sins come from the suffering and agitation caused by the
perception that we've been torn from the womb of Love. The ego creates a false
self, trying to recreate the original positive soul experience. Eventually, as
Russ Hudson says, "The healing of the passion comes through turning back
toward the grace. Allowing grace to work us over a long period develops our
virtue." [1] Thus, the issues of the false self are only resolved by
experiencing our forgotten but real connection with God.
I'm going to
start with the ONE because it's the type I understand best, and I hope it will
give us a template for the process of transformation in all the types. The
primal knowing of ONEs is that the world and we are deeply good. ONEs are
originally joyfully enthralled with the goodness and perfection of the Really
Real. My mother told me I was so excited all the time as a boy; I would just
squeal with delight and dance and sing. It was just a wonderful world, and I
was a part of it, and I was happy to be a part of it!
But then the
wound came. I don't know what it was, but somewhere along the way I realized it
isn't a perfect world. No childhood is ever perfect. No longer able to rest in
our original "home," the ego tries to manufacture perfection. ONEs
like me move into overdrive to protect ourselves from our deep disappointment.
"I will make it perfect anyway. I'm going to find a way to make it the way
I want it!" But good intentions can only take us so far when we are not
connected to Real Power. Here is where evil disguises itself as good, and the
natural knowing of the True Self gets twisted into the false self.
ONEs become
hyper-sensitive to anything we perceive as wrong or ugly. Hence we become
critical, judgmental, and moralistic. This focus sent me off to a seminary at a
young age. We are even more critical of ourselves than we are of everything
else. Our root sin is anger or resentment--resentment that things are not the
way they should be. We're perfectionists, and we're never satisfied with what
we could always improve. This is my fallenness, my strategy for surviving. It's
been my way of getting energy for so long that I cannot change it entirely. All
I can do, by God's grace, is move toward some form of transformation that will
allow me to fall and rest in my True Self.
The gift or
virtue that marks mature persons of any type is always the reverse of the root
sin, for it is the overcoming of your sin that becomes your greatest gift. For
the ONE, this gift or virtue is serenity, meaning a nonreactive heart. Serenity
holds the world with compassion and patience. As Russ Hudson puts it,
"Serenity allows ONEs to be of service. Instead of reacting in anger and
irritation, serenity lets ONEs show up in the face of difficulty, conflict, and
suffering and see what's actually needed, what will be most helpful, and what
will open things to the good. Serenity can trust the goodness, blessedness, and
dignity that's in me and trust that same goodness, blessedness, and dignity is
there somehow in the situation or person in front of me." [4]
How do we
get from our root sin to this gift? First, for any type, it usually takes the
major humiliation of seeing our root sin for what it is. I remember the day
when my ONEness became obvious to me during a spiritual direction session in
Cincinnati. I was in a daze of humiliating recognitions. "My God, I became
a Franciscan for the wrong reason, I became celibate for the wrong reason, I
became a priest for the wrong reason. Oh God, did I do anything right?" I
realized that I wasn't right at all. My very best efforts stemmed from mixed
motives, to make myself look good. This insight was the initial death of the
false self. It also set me on a course that has become one of my central
themes: the understanding of reality as paradox, reality as a seeming
contradiction that in a bigger frame is not a contradiction at all.
From our
earliest years, we ONEs have lived with our unacknowledged and repressed anger.
When we discover it, we can eventually get so fed up with being angry that,
through the grace of God, we finally learn to deal with it better and more
constructively than others! It's still in us just as much as ever, and it won't
go away. But it no longer needs to be taken so seriously. Instead, as Hudson
says, "the behaviors and reactions of our Enneagram type . . . [can serve
as] reminders that we've forgotten what we love and what's most important. . .
. This is how we turn our ego into a friend rather than an enemy." [5]
Many
integrated ONEs say that three things help them: prayer, love, and nature. When
I pray I can increasingly let go of the voices of duty and responsibility and
let myself drop down into God, into Love. Love is "the perfect bond,"
as Paul says (Colossians 3:14). That is why I have to fall in love with
somebody or something every day, even if it's only a tree or the wonderful
turquoise sky over New Mexico. When I don't love, the negative voices immediately
get the upper hand. Finally, nature helps me discover and accept perfection in
the flux and chaos of creative evolution. God, love, and nature are perfect
precisely because they include and incorporate imperfection. This is important!
Without these three experiences, ONEs can scarcely imagine cheerful serenity
and patience, but remain aggressive idealists and ideologues.
Hudson
describes ONEs' unique gift: "ONEs begin life with a sense of the
goodness, dignity, and blessedness of all creation. . . . The special mission
of the ONE is to invite everyone into that fundamental truth by reflecting that
face of God in the world." [6] I hope I am doing that somehow for you.
References:
[1] Russ
Hudson, The Enneagram as a Tool for Your Spiritual Journey (CAC: 2009), disc 2
(CD, DVD, MP3 download).
[2] Ibid.,
disc 3.
[3] Ibid.,
disc 4.
[4] Ibid.,
disc 3.
[5] Ibid.,
disc 2.
[6] Ibid.,
disc 3.
Type TWO: The Need to Be Needed
TWOs,
THREEs, and FOURs make up the heart triad. They are "other-directed"
people, whose wellbeing depends on how their environment reacts to them. Their
continuous activities secretly have no other goal than to be confirmed from the
outside. We all have this same concern to some degree. It grows out of the
mirroring we received or didn't receive as a child when we were first
developing our sense of identity. "Who am I in your eyes?" is a
central question for all the heart types. [1]
TWOs
originally know themselves as the beloved of the universe. They know the truth
that they are specially loved and chosen by a beautiful and loving God. When
they cannot maintain this truth, they become manipulative and needy of the love
of others to "reconvince" themselves of the truth they already deeply
know. "Others must and will love me!" they demand, instead of resting
in the love that they already are. They are driven to love, help, and serve
others, without realizing that their motivation is the need for others to love
them. TWOs are extremely sensitive to the needs of others, but not aware of their
own needs. What they really want is attention. Although this is a legitimate
need for anyone, to TWOs it seems selfish, and they won't admit to it.
In Russ
Hudson's words, "The root sin of the TWO is pride, not in the sense of
showing off, but pride as a kind of false humility." [2] Pride keeps them
from seeing their own needs. TWOs need to be needed. For this reason they are
easy to manipulate. As soon as they hear the little word "need," they
scrape together the last remnant of their energy to rush to help you.
TWOs long to
be loved, to love with their whole hearts, and to be allowed to live for their
beloved. They sacrifice themselves for the welfare of others. They are
benefactors, givers, and helpers. They give others precisely what they want for
themselves. Their seeming altruism is a "legitimate" form of
indulging their own egoism.
But let me
warn you: TWOs have another side. "Hell hath no fury" like TWOs who
suddenly realize that they are doing all the giving and not receiving what they
feel they deserve in return. They suddenly become the opposite of the person
they want to be. They can say extremely cruel things. Then they may run from
the room in tears when they realize they've turned into a "dragon."
TWOs need a
great deal of acceptance and "soft" love before they are ready to let
themselves be challenged by "tough love." Sooner or later, however,
this is exactly what has to happen: a confrontation, at once loving and
unsparing, with their own pseudo-love, self-pity, and egocentricity.
The gift of
TWOs is genuine humility, the reverse of pride. When TWOs reach the point where
they recognize their real motives ("I give so I can get"), they may
cry for days. When a TWO can finally cry tears of self-knowledge, redemption
(healing) is near. At such moments, TWOs realize that they have perhaps damaged
and injured other people while supposedly "wanting the best for
them." This is deeply humiliating. TWOs are redeemed from themselves the
more they experience God as the real lover and realize that their puny love can
only consist in sharing in God's infinite love. This insight leads through a
moment of deep shame to genuine humility. I like the way Hudson says it:
"Real humility is a reflection of God's grace for us. It is allowing the
holding of our own human limitation and being utterly gentle, compassionate,
and real about that." [3] Redeemed TWOs deeply and profoundly know their
innate value and preciousness and so don't need to be continually affirmed from
the outside. They are finally free. As I've shared before, most problems are
psychological and most solutions are spiritual.
References:
[1] Russ
Hudson, The Enneagram as a Tool for Your Spiritual Journey (CAC: 2009), disc 4
(CD, DVD, MP3 download).
[2] Ibid.
[3] Ibid.
Type THREE: The Need to Succeed
THREEs began
with the primal knowledge that everything is unstable and passing and that only
God endures and gives us the endurance to withstand the passing nature of all
things. But, at some point, an experience of wounding convinced THREEs that they
are separate from God and Wholeness. This perception makes THREEs think it's up
to them to keep things from falling apart. "I will prove by competence and
overproduction that I will not fall apart," they say, instead of resting
in the impermanence and fallibility that they deeply know and now deeply fear.
They are afraid to look inside themselves because they feel there is really
nothing there. THREEs need endless successes and feedback to reassure
themselves against a very honest and realistic insecurity. They are afraid to
say yes and cooperate with the dissolution and death of all things unless they
reconnect with the permanence and endurance of reality, which is precisely a
God-experience, whether they call it that or not.
The THREE is
the central type of the heart triad. It's harder for THREEs to perceive their
own feelings than for any other type. But they are experts at reading the
people around them and immediately knowing just what role to play to be
successful in others' eyes. They can slip into almost any mask that will please
the people around them and act the part to perfection. The role protects and
motivates them. They are really looking for praise from outside, because they
often feel worthless inside. They identify with their group, organization, or
project and they work very hard. They are efficiency experts. THREEs are
show-people, achievers, careerists, and status-seekers. They live out of roles
much more than their True Self, which they scarcely know.
THREEs are
competitive and want to be winners. "I'm good when I win" is their
motto. Many THREEs are physically attractive. Most of them seem optimistic,
youthful, intelligent, dynamic, and productive. They run circles around others
because of their amazing energy. They can sell anything because they first sell
you on themselves. Immature THREEs have no longing for depth. What's the point
of depth when superficiality works and when image without content sells? THREEs
are extremely pragmatic: if it works, it's true. The question of objective
truth isn't even raised.
The pressure
to succeed leads to the root sin of the THREE, which is deceit. While they
don't generally go around telling lies, they do embellish the truth and put the
best face on everything. They create an image that looks good, can be sold, and
can win. The person they deceive the most is their own self. They have often
been so spoiled by success that in the end they believe everything they do is
good and great.
Unredeemed
THREEs avoid, fear, and hate failure. When it does occur, they find ways to
extricate themselves. Sometimes they polish up their defeats and reinterpret
them as victories. Often they blame others. And they frequently leave the scene
of the wreck as quickly as possible to plunge into a new, promising project.
THREEs find
the way to their gift of integrity only when they take the painful path of
self-knowledge and look their life-lies, big and little, in the face, refusing
to gloss over them anymore. Since this is insight into their own failure, it is
very difficult for them. THREEs who have found their way to truthfulness and
authenticity can put their tremendous gifts to work to help other people
competently and effectively, motivating them to discover their own potential.
Redeemed THREEs manage to organize groups or communities sensibly, expose
society's lies for what they are, and spread the truth in a way that is
professional, efficient, and up-to-date. Their sin has now become their gift.
Reference:
Adapted from
Richard Rohr and Andreas Ebert, The Enneagram: A Christian Perspective (The
Crossroad Publishing Company: 2001), 46, 81-82, 85-86, 88.
Adapted from
Richard Rohr and Andreas Ebert, The Enneagram: A Christian Perspective (The
Crossroad Publishing Company: 2001), xvii-xviii, 29, 40;
Richard
Rohr, The Enneagram and Grace: 9 Journeys to Divine Presence (CAC: 2012), disc
1 (CD, MP3 download); and
Richard
Rohr, The Enneagram as a Tool for Your Spiritual Journey (CAC: 2009), disc 4
(CD, DVD, MP3 download).
Well, it may be simple, but as most of us can recognize, it’s anything but easy. What usually prevents growth isn’t a lack of these simple elements, but the extra, unnatural obstacles that get in the way.
Here are six things that prevent growth in our churches.
1. You Have Too Much Conflict
Have you ever been invited to a friend or family member’s house and they couldn’t stop arguing? Awkward, right? And all you want to do is leave. Well, that’s how new people feel about churches in conflict. The point isn’t that all conflict is bad- it is inevitable and in fact, can even be healthy. Ideally, Christians should be the world’s model on how to best manage conflict. The problem is gossip, bickering, and backbiting. Growing churches learn to handle conflict the right way.
2. You’re Doing Too Much
A lot of churches brag about how many ministries and clubs they have, something for every imaginable age and interest group. The multiplication of events and activities could be distractions from the “main things”…like the weekend experience.
3. You Aren’t Welcoming Outsiders
As habitual churchgoers, we can lose sight of what it’s like to be the newcomer who easily feels vulnerable, lost, and maybe judged. They are not likely to introduce themselves to you; that’s our job.
And you still don’t have greeters at your doors?
4. You Aren’t Challenging Insiders
As a pastor I want to please people, especially the people I see weekly. But if I’m not challenging them to take their next steps, they’re not growing. And that means neither is our church. Commit to stop pandering to insiders, and challenge them to become contributors.
5. You Keep Fighting “The Culture”
The Church and the World will be at odds, the Bible tells us. But never in Jesus or the Apostles’ time did that mean launching an all-out war against everything in their culture. When we get too insular, we level vague assaults at overgeneralized notions of “The Culture,” that simply turn off unchurched people. The effort changes no one’s heart.
6. You Think You’re Good Enough
Jim Collins wrote, “Good is the enemy of Great,” and that is true for many churches. We grow our parish to a place where it’s “good enough.” We know it’s not great, “but hey, it’s just church, what do you expect?” Such attitudes easily creep in and kill growth. You can’t grow if you don’t think you need to and won’t commit to becoming a great parish.
What does faithfulness involve?
An article by Fr Gerald Hughes sj. The original article can be found here
I suppose that the simplest, and yet in the end the most important, answer to the question. ‘What does faithfulness involve?’ is that faithfulness must be faithfulness to God. All earthly expressions of fidelity, such as acceptance of the Creed or loyalty to the pope, are no more than attempts to respond to the call of God in our lives and to ask what it might involve in practice. It also seems to me that faithfulness is not something that can be defined statically; it is something more akin to a pilgrimage.
To explain what I mean by this I am going to draw on the ideas of Cardinal John Henry Newman. His personal pilgrimage was long and complex, from the theological disputes in the University of Oxford in the 1830s to his conversion to Catholicism in 1846; his subsequent attempts to help his fellow Catholics to respond appropriately to the First Vatican Council; and finally his presence at the time of the Modernist crisis which broke upon the Church just before his death. The world was changing quickly, and many of the teachings of traditional Christianity came suddenly under threat. Perhaps our times are not so very different, and for that reason I think his pilgrimage provides a model which might be an inspiration to us all.
Two aspects of fidelity
Our fidelity to God, in Newman’s view, was to be displayed in two ways: the first, perhaps the more obvious, is in our actions. We must try to live as God asks us to live. The second is, as it were, in our thoughts – we must accept in faith the truths which God has revealed to us, and which, of course, underpin our conscientious behaviour as well as our thoughts.
We might be inclined to think of the two kinds of fidelity – in thought and in action – as being very different. Newman would not separate them so distinctly, because of the way in which he understands ‘conscience’. He takes our human conscience to be the voice of God, and he means this seriously, not just as a pious phrase. Perhaps this idea seems more familiar to us when we think of God guiding our action. But, more surprisingly, Newman also holds that God speaks to us also by guiding our beliefs, our theology as it were, and not just our ethics.
Newman was a true student of Oxford, and that meant having a fair acquaintance with the views of Aristotle. Newman derives his notion of the ‘parallelism’ between conscience and theology from Aristotle’s account of how we decide – how we decide about anything, what we should believe as well as about how we should behave. Aristotle holds that in forming our theological beliefs and in making our moral decisions in the light of those beliefs we are living the life of God as far as it is possible for us mortals.
Conscience as the voice of God
Newman is very scathing about what he takes to be the vulgar, though prominent, idea that, ‘my conscience is just whatever I happen to think about what I should do, and nobody else can tell me what to do’. In response to this, and to the fashionable academic claim that we live in a world of blind processes and inevitable outcomes, he writes:
We are told that conscience is but a twist in primitive and untutored man; that its dictate is an imagination; that the very notion of guiltiness, which that dictate enforces, is simply irrational, for how can there possibly be freedom of will, how can there be consequent responsibility, in that infinite eternal network of cause and effect, in which we helplessly lie? And what retribution have we to fear, when we have had no real choice to do good or evil?
Newman follows Aristotle in taking a much richer and more nuanced view. If our emotional responses to situations have been properly trained since childhood, they will provide us with a spontaneous ‘take’ on the moral demands of any situation – that it calls for kindness, or sympathy, or firmness, or anger, for example. These responses will settle what we should aim at; and our experience of life will give us the know-how to achieve those ends.
Newman emphasises the importance of conscience as an authoritative voice which seems independent of us:
… the voice of God in the nature and heart of man, as distinct from the voice of Revelation [is]… a principle planted within us before we have had any training, although training and experience are necessary for its strength, growth, and due formation … a constituent element of the mind, as our perception of other ideas may be, as our powers of reasoning, as our sense of order and the beautiful, and our other intellectual endowments.
Given these dispositions, Newman says,
What it is to be virtuous, how we are to gain the just and right idea and standard of virtue, how we are to approximate in practice to our own standard, what is right and wrong in a particular case, for the answers in fullness and accuracy to these and similar questions, the philosopher refers us to no code of laws, to no moral treatise, because no science of life, applicable to the case of an individual, has been or can be written. Such is Aristotle’s doctrine, and it is undoubtedly true ... The authoritative oracle, which is to decide our path, is something more searching and manifold than such jejune generalisations as treatises can give, which are most distinct and clear when we least need them.
We might well sympathise with that last remark. We all know that we should be loving, should not kill or steal or tell untruths; but does this primary school clarity suffice for the making of moral decisions in adult life? The Commandments themselves do not tell me whether switching off this machine amounts to killing someone, or whether this particular piece of smart accountancy amounts to stealing, or whether a couple in a canonically invalid marriage are committing adultery. Think about how you actually consider complex moral issues where the pros and cons are not so obvious. Newman gives a thumbnail sketch of how this often works in practice:
I should decide according to the particular case, which is beyond all rule, and must be decided on its own merits.I should look to see what theologians could do for me, what the Bishops and clergy around me, what my confessor; what friends whom I revered: and if, after all, I could not take their view of the matter, then I must rule myself by my own judgement and my own conscience.
His final conclusion is:
You may tell me that this dictate is a mere law of my nature, as is to joy or to grieve. I cannot understand this. No, it is the echo of a person speaking to me. Nothing shall persuade me that it does not ultimately proceed from a person external to me. It carries with it the proof of its divine origin. My nature feels towards it as towards a person. When I obey it, I feel a satisfaction; when I disobey, a soreness – just like that I feel in pleasing or offending some revered friend... The echo implies a voice, the voice a speaker. That speaker I love and fear.
St Ignatius said much the same thing when speaking of what he terms ‘confirmation’ and the discernment of Spirits. Ideally, the person making an important decision will consider all the pros and cons, presenting each possible course of action to God in prayer; and they will experience God as more present and supportive when they think of acting in one particular way rather than in some other.[6] Such is fidelity to the voice of God in our daily practice.
The parallels between fidelity in our ethical practice and fidelity in forming our religious beliefs
Surprisingly Newman holds that there are many parallels between being faithful to God in making our moral decisions and being faithful to God in deciding what we should believe.
In his Grammar of Assent, Newman develops a very general theory about all our beliefs, and how we come to believe things. According to his account, formal logic plays only a small part in forming our beliefs about the ordinary world, as distinct from the realm of pure mathematics. Newman takes the realm of formal logic and mathematics to be neat and conclusive in a way in which our attempts to handle the real world seldom, if ever, can be. But pure logic does not help very much in dealing with a complex world.
At the root of all our beliefs is the fact that we have all developed a very general and wide-ranging pattern of thinking and talking. Wittgenstein describes this as ‘a form of life’ – a whole pattern of beliefs which form the framework against which we test particular claims, and which experience teaches us is usually reliable. So, according to Newman’s suggestion, we never in fact try to prove that Britain is an island. Firstly because anything we might adduce as proof – satellite photos, or a voyage – is itself open to challenge, for how do we know the satellite photos were not computer-generated, or our circumnavigation misdirected? But more importantly we have learned how to settle such questions just by having learned from our multiform experiences. Newman would have approved of Wittgenstein’s observation that we do not need to test whether the table exists even when we are not experiencing it. We have all developed a framework of beliefs about the world which would not in any normal circumstances be challenged, and which guide our thought in complex situations.
Such a situation may be that of a juror who has to make up her mind about the guilt or innocence of the person charged with an offence. She does not in any strict sense ‘deduce’ her verdict from the evidence. She has learned to ‘read’ the evidence. The reliable juror will rely on her experience of life, and she will be emotionally well-balanced in her attitude to the evidence and the persons who provided it. These pre-requisites for having reliable beliefs are just the ones we need in order to make good moral decisions. They are not at all like proofs in pure logic. Newman insists that pure logic is useless when we come to deal with the real world.
So in the end, deciding what to believe is not so much the outcome of a deduction (pace Sherlock Holmes); it is not in any strict sense a logical conclusion, though it is a rational conclusion. It is a perception, a ‘seeing’ how the facts are to be read. If we are well-informed, open minded and intellectually honest, we can trust our judgements. This is not to say that we can never be mistaken, but rather that there is nothing more reliable to which we can turn.
That is just what Newman believes holds true of our religious beliefs: we try to find out what we can, try to be open-minded and honest, and leave time and space for God to speak to us as we consider all these things, looking at them ‘in the round’, so to speak.
‘Reading’ tradition
Ideally, then, just as our moral beliefs become more refined and better informed as we go along, the same is true of our theological beliefs.
We need to see the history of the early Church as a pilgrimage. The very earliest Christians were Jews, strictly monotheist Jews. But in the light of Jesus’s resurrection, the early Christians had to do several things: to re-learn the role of the Messiah; and to understand more deeply the sense in which Jesus was ‘more than a prophet’, claiming a quite astonishing level of authority. They had to embark on a radical re-evaluation of Jesus and his ministry in the light of their experience of the risen Christ. So what did they do?
They looked for texts in their tradition to find ways of formulating their belief; and they tried, difficult though it was, to reach a ‘verdict’ which respected all they now knew. Paul in a famous passage in Philippians says that Jesus, ‘though he was in the form of God, did not regard equality with God as something to be exploited, but emptied himself, taking the form of a slave, being born in human likeness. And being found in human form, he humbled himself’ (Phil 2:6-8). And the Letter to the Hebrews tells us that, ‘Having been made perfect, he became the source of salvation for all who obey him.’ The writer promptly goes on to admit that more has to be said, but it is hard to explain (Heb 5:7-14).
Indeed so, but it took more than two centuries before the Christians were able to reconcile – after a fashion – that Jesus had to be seen as divine, indeed as God; and yet that there was only one God. To use the term ‘consubstantial’ merely expresses the difficulty rather than resolves it. The difficulty was even worse because if there was one thing the early Christians were sure of, it was that Jesus had been a man, a human being like anyone else. How on earth can a human being be God? Can God be truly a man?
Another example of how we have to refine our faithfulness when it comes to religious belief is the way in which we have responded to the developments in the secular sciences. Take the doctrine of original sin, and the reading of Genesis upon which it was originally founded. We now know two things which our forefathers did not. We know that we humans did not start off in a paradise garden; we have evolved. We also know that at the time Genesis was written, there were many other religions that tried to explain the origins of the world and the mixture of good and evil which it contains. The beginning of Genesis fits into that culture perfectly, attacking the view that there must be two divinities, one good the other bad. There is but one God, and God saw that everything he had made was good. If there is evil in the world, it is because of the ambitions and shortcomings of human beings.
Our knowledge of the origins of the universe and of the religious traditions of our forefathers enables us now to inherit their beliefs as part of our own pilgrimage towards God. We may have to go yet further on our pilgrimage, by trying to integrate our Christian beliefs into the discovery of intelligent life elsewhere in the universe. As our sense of wonder at the universe grows, so also does our understanding of the magnificence of God.
As Newman saw very clearly, ‘tradition’ or ‘what the Church teaches’ or ‘has taught’ is not fixed in detail, and there is no reason to suppose it will ever be. Just as the application of moral principles to individual cases is ‘beyond all rule’, so too is our understanding of doctrines. What we might expect is a gradual adaptation – to cultures, to the sciences, to our improved knowledge of biblical texts. Mistakes will have been made, from which we have to learn, and new challenges will have be faced, in the light of our discoveries in psychology, genetics, ecology and medicine. Our previous Christian moral experience does not automatically solve all such problems.
As Gaudium et Spes says, we must learn from the modern world in order to be able to teach the modern world. Ignatian discernment can help us to do just that. It requires us first of all to do our best to understand our desires – where they can lead us astray, but more importantly, how (if we are as honest with ourselves as we can manage to be) they will give us a ‘feel’ for what God is calling us to believe, or to do. We use our minds to try to formulate what God might be asking of us in our world – both in terms of how to make sense of God’s creation, and how to find God in trying to respond to him in our world. As Newman would have put it, just as conscience at its best can be a listening to the voice of God, so our understanding of God and of the truth he reveals to us is a response to the best of our God-given minds. Ideally, both in morals and in faith, we will be able to say, ‘So far so good’; in practice that is an ideal which, with understanding and prayer, we might try to achieve. It is to be hoped that we have developed such an intimacy with God that we are able to learn what fidelity means in our God-created world, whose complexities we are far from totally grasping.
Gerard J. Hughes SJ is a tutor in philosophy at Campion Hall, Oxford.
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